本科畢業(yè)論文英文范文

時間:2023-03-23 10:18:46

導語:如何才能寫好一篇本科畢業(yè)論文英文,這就需要搜集整理更多的資料和文獻,歡迎閱讀由公文云整理的十篇范文,供你借鑒。

本科畢業(yè)論文英文

篇1

一、英文摘要的特點及規(guī)范 

1、具有獨立性和自含性 

對于一些英文讀者來說,英文摘要是他們唯一的信息源,所以英文摘要一定要強調完整性,也就是說它所提供的信息必須是完整的。 

2、具有定量分析 

撰寫英文摘要的過程中應該注意避免籠統(tǒng)的、空洞的闡述,盡量用具體的語言和清晰地思路來論述,這樣能給讀者一個全面的信息呈現(xiàn)。 

3、具有創(chuàng)新性 

由于東西方文化差異,西方學者在閱讀論文時會注重創(chuàng)新之處,所以中英文摘要不必強求一致,英文摘要需要有自己的特點和風格。 

國際標準規(guī)定中“摘要”一詞定義為原文內容準確、扼要的表達,而不加以解釋和評論。各個高校對其也都有自己的相關規(guī)定,如新疆農業(yè)大學,一般要求英文摘要在200-250字符,單詞語法正確,語言流暢、精煉。內容包括目的、方法、結果、結論等4個方面,著重反映論文中的新內容、新見解,但不得加入評論。 

二、非英專本科畢業(yè)論文中文摘要英譯中存在的問題 

1、研究過程簡述 

為了了解本校非英專本科畢業(yè)論文英文摘要所存在的問題,筆者進行了兩方面的研究。筆者對土管專業(yè)的62份問卷結果進行了數(shù)據分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)77%的非英專學生對英文摘要有強烈的需求;收集了土管專業(yè)的57份畢業(yè)論文英文摘要,進行詳細分析、研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)70%的學生借助了網上一些軟件翻譯,其中有25%的人對譯文進行了修改,僅有12%的學生基本了達到英文摘要的要求。 

2、英文摘要存在的問題的分析 

1)文章題目的翻譯。中國學生受到漢語思維習慣的影響,在中文題目中會用到“研究”、“初探”等詞,但是在撰寫英文摘要中,這些詞就可以不用譯出。 

例如:四平市耕地保護的問題及對策分析 

原譯:Analysis of Problem and Countermeasures of Farmland Protection in Si Ping City 

改譯:Problem and Countermeasures of Farmland Protection in Si Ping City 

2)標點符號錯誤。學生常犯的錯誤:并列成分用分號隔開;書名號沒有用斜體;中英文省略號的區(qū)別。 

例如:農戶耕地流轉行為受農戶文化程度、年齡、農戶家庭勞動力資源狀況影響。 

譯文:... is influenced by farmers’ degree of education,age,labor resource status. 

3)用詞不當。詞性和近義詞區(qū)別分辨不清常會導致用詞不當?shù)膯栴}。 

例如:但是由此產生的人地矛盾問題卻日趨尖銳 

原譯;but the resulting contradiction between people and land ... 

筆者認為“矛盾”一詞,根據詞義和用途,conflict更為貼切。 

改譯:but the resulting conflict between people and land... 

4)搭配不當。英語單詞的搭配紛亂復雜,許多學生的語法基礎薄弱,經常會用錯搭配導致不規(guī)范的表達。 

例如:In Urumqi as an example ... 

改譯:Taking Urumqi as an example... 

5)中式翻譯 

做翻譯時,一個普遍問題就是中式思維翻譯。如果只顧字面對應,不考慮文化差異,可能會造成簡單句泛濫,句子銜接性差。 

例如:大量的農業(yè)用地轉為城市用地,給國家糧食安全問題和生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護造成了極大的壓力。 

原譯:A great deal transformation of agricultural land into urban land, to the national food security problems and the protection of the ecological environment cause great pressure. 

原譯文完全是根據中文逐字逐句翻譯的,且原文中的“問題”可不用譯出。 

改譯:A great deal transformation ...brings great pressure to the national food security... 

三、改進英文摘要質量的對策 

英文摘要中存在的問題還有很多,以上幾條只是筆者在實踐過程中常見問題的簡單總結。想要提高摘要質量,筆者認為需要從以下兩個方面做出努力: 

正確認識英文摘要的意義,了解英文摘要的寫作特點和規(guī)范。撰寫英文摘要時,先用中文完成結構完整、信息全面的摘要,再按照英文思維將其翻譯下來。 

掌握英文摘要的翻譯技巧,加強自身翻譯能力。多注重英文摘要的寫作規(guī)范和行文特點,如用詞、句法、時態(tài)、語態(tài)等。多積累英文摘要常用詞、句型,多閱讀英文文獻資料。(作者單位:新疆農業(yè)大學外國語學院) 

作者簡介:汪南(1994~),新疆農業(yè)大學外國語學院英語134班學生。 

參考文獻 

[1]陳曉文,王曉農.非英專本科生畢業(yè)論文中文摘要英譯研究—以魯東大學2010屆非英專部分畢業(yè)生為例[J].河北聯(lián)合大學學報(社科版),2012年(1). 

篇2

1.文獻綜述方面

高校本科學生要在較短時間內的進行國內外相關研究文獻的收集、整理與分析、匯總工作,最后以文獻綜述的形式出現(xiàn)在論文的第一部分之中。論文綜述的寫作對于相關領域研究前沿、研究熱點的科學、準確界定,畢業(yè)論文選題及后續(xù)寫作的創(chuàng)新性、科學性等來說至關重要。通過調研發(fā)現(xiàn),目前高校本科學生在校期間很少能夠充分了解國內外相關學科或領域的研究概況,如該學科或領域中的研究主題、經典文獻、權威作者、核心期刊、研究合作群體等,而科學知識圖譜的一些分析方法,如來源分析方法、詞頻共現(xiàn)方法、共被引分析方法、引文分析方法等則恰好能夠滿足本科學生渴望對學科或領域研究基本情況進行充分了解的迫切需求,對于高度概括國內外的研究現(xiàn)狀,開展科學的研究述評,明確畢業(yè)論文寫作的理論意義和現(xiàn)實意義具有較大的幫助。

2.科學選題方面

鑒于國內多數(shù)高校對本科生學術科研要求較低,以及學生本身科研主動性、積極性不強而導致學生對所學學科及相關領域理論及實踐研究了解不明確、不充分等特點,科學知識圖譜分析方法如詞頻共現(xiàn)方法,可以使得本科生在較短時間內快速了解國內外相關學科或某一領域的理論研究和實踐探索情況,從定量與定性相結合、主觀與客觀相結合等方面對相關學科或領域的研究熱點、研究前沿、研究網絡及發(fā)展趨勢等進行了解和學習,從而使得畢業(yè)論文選題更加具有科學性、創(chuàng)新性和實踐性??梢哉f,在本畢業(yè)論文寫作過程中,如以科學的、準確的研究熱點或研究前沿為論文寫作對象,就是對社會實踐和學科發(fā)展的客觀需求進行有針對性的研究。通過滿足社會實踐和學科發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實需求,使得畢業(yè)論文不僅具有一定的學術價值,而且具有明顯的現(xiàn)實意義。3.研究創(chuàng)新方面高等教育重在培養(yǎng)學生的創(chuàng)新意識和創(chuàng)新能力,提升學生的創(chuàng)新水平。如同研究生畢業(yè)論文一樣,本科生畢業(yè)論文的寫作同樣有一定程度上的創(chuàng)新要求,包括研究方法的創(chuàng)新、研究內容的創(chuàng)新、研究過程的創(chuàng)新等等。通過科學知識圖譜方法的有效使用,可以對國內外相關領域的研究現(xiàn)狀有較為清晰的了解和掌握,通過高度概括與全面分析,既可以實現(xiàn)文獻綜述研究方法上的創(chuàng)新,也可以在了解國內外研究熱點、研究前沿的基礎上進行研究內容上創(chuàng)新,突破現(xiàn)有研究存在的不足和缺陷,使得研究的廣度或深度上更進一步,并與實踐結合更加緊密,使創(chuàng)新性和實踐性統(tǒng)一起來,更好地為社會實踐服務。

此外,知識圖譜在高校本科畢業(yè)論文寫作中的其他功效還包括:重要文獻資料收集、核心期刊選定研讀、權威作者跟蹤學習等,這些都為畢業(yè)論文的寫作打下堅實和牢固的研究基礎。

二、科學知識圖譜在本科畢業(yè)論文寫作過程中的應用

1.文獻數(shù)據庫的選擇與文獻篩選

國外文獻數(shù)據庫選擇與文獻篩選。如果要分析國外某學科或領域的相關研究情況,可以選擇美國科學情報研究所的“SocialScienceCitationIndex”數(shù)據庫,即眾所周知的SSCI(社會科學引文索引),其為綜合性社科文獻數(shù)據庫,涉及經濟、管理、心理學、社會學等研究內容。以人力資源管理研究為例,進入SSCI數(shù)據庫后,在“標題”或“主題”選項中輸入相關主題詞語,如“humanresourcemanagement”或“HRM”等,之后確定相應的年限,如2000年—2012年,然后進行文獻資料收索,在收索結果中選擇相應的“研究領域”、“研究方向”,在“文獻科學知識圖譜在本科畢業(yè)論文寫作中的功效及應用房宏君劉瑛北京聯(lián)合大學人力資源管理研究所類型”中選擇“article”即“文章”類型資料并去掉“meeting”、“review”、“editorial”類型資料之后以進行文獻篩選;在文獻資料保存過程中,選擇包含標題、來源作者、來源單位、關鍵詞、摘要、參考文獻等全文獻資料類型,以每次500條文獻資料數(shù)量進行下載,并以文本格式進行保存。

國內文獻數(shù)據庫選擇與文獻篩選。本科學生如要分析國內相關某一領域的研究情況,可以選擇現(xiàn)有的“ChineseSocialSciencesCitationIndex”數(shù)據庫,即中文社會科學引文索引數(shù)據庫(CSSCI),其是由南京大學中國社會科學研究評價中心研制的中文數(shù)據庫,通過科學引文索引數(shù)據庫的統(tǒng)計與分析,可以從定量的視角評價文獻來源地區(qū)、研究機構、研究學者等相關情況,探測某一學科或領域中的研究熱點、研究前沿、研究網絡及發(fā)展趨勢等。在CSSCI數(shù)據庫中,確定年限之后,選擇“來源文獻”數(shù)據庫,然后在“來源篇名”或“關鍵詞”選項中輸入要查詢的相關詞語進行檢索,CSSCI數(shù)據庫每次可以下載50條文獻資料,點擊“下載”即可得到相應的文本資料。

2.知識圖譜繪制工具的選擇

進行科學知識圖譜分析的可視化工具很多,包括:“Citespace”可視化軟件、SPSS軟件、Bibexcel軟件、Ucinet、Netdraw等,其中較為常用的如“Citespace”可視化軟件、Bibexcel軟件、SPSS軟件等。本科生在畢業(yè)論文綜述研究中可以采用操作簡單、功能強大的Citespace軟件、SPSS統(tǒng)計分析軟件等。關于上述軟件的介紹與使用在一些專著、教材及相關文獻資料中有詳細的介紹。

三、知識圖譜分析方法的確定

1.詞頻共現(xiàn)分析方法。

該方法用于探測和分析某一研究領域研究熱點、研究前沿及其演進歷程、發(fā)展趨勢等,包括關鍵詞共現(xiàn)頻次分析、突現(xiàn)詞探測分析等,如利用Citespace軟件中的關鍵詞共現(xiàn)方法可以探測出2006—2010年5年間國內人力資源管理研究的基本熱點情況

2.來源分析方法。

該方法用于分析一定期限內文獻資料的主要來源國家、來源作者、來源機構等,以探討文獻資料來源的基本情況,如利用Citespace軟件中來源分析方法可以探測出2001—2010年10年間國際范圍內人力資源管理研究文獻的主要來源國家。2001-2010年國際范圍人力資源管理研究文獻來源國家圖譜共被引分析方法。

3.共被引分析方法。

該方法主要包括作者共被引、文獻共被引、期刊共被引方法,用于探測某一學科或研究領域的經典文獻、權威作者、核心期刊及其網絡關系等。如利用Citespace軟件中文獻共被引分析方法可以探測出2005—2009年5年間國際人力資源研究領域中的最具有影響力的重要經典文獻。2005-2009年國際范圍人力資源研究文獻共被引圖譜

四、研究結果的驗證與應用

科學知識圖譜研究的結果雖然是量化的、客觀的,但是仍然需要通過實踐調研去進行驗證,如對研究熱點的核實與確認,可以通過對某一研究領域中的權威專家進行訪談加以核實,還應該結合社會實踐相關領域中的熱點現(xiàn)象去驗證,以綜合確認研究結果的準確性和科學性??梢哉f,經過驗證的科學的、準確的、量化的研究成果可以為本科生畢業(yè)論文的科學選題、文獻綜述、內容創(chuàng)新及突出論文的有效性和實踐性打下良好的基礎。

五、結論

篇3

Key words applied undergraduate; thesis (design); course; teaching reform 

應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)是在教師指導下本科畢業(yè)生進行四年學習與實踐成果的總結,也是對本科畢業(yè)生分析問題、解決問題能力的一項綜合考察,同時又是培養(yǎng)應用型本科畢業(yè)生從業(yè)能力的一項重要手段。但是,目前各應用型本科院校均出現(xiàn)了畢業(yè)論文(設計)質量嚴重下滑的客觀事實。筆者多年來一直在從事應用型本科學生畢業(yè)論文(設計)的指導工作,在論文(設計)指導過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)一些問題,提出了以提升學生從業(yè)能力為導向的畢業(yè)生論文(設計)指導課程教學改革策略:一是,強調應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)是對學生綜合實踐能力培養(yǎng)的認識;二是,明確論文(設計)學生選題的實踐價值;三是,設計合理的論文(設計)教學內容;最后,采取適合論文(設計)指導課程的教學方法。以適應市場經濟新常態(tài)下應用型高級人才的培養(yǎng)需要。 

1 目前畢業(yè)論文(設計)寫作中存在的主要問題 

一是,畢業(yè)論文(設計)存在的學術不端問題。學生畢業(yè)論文(設計)的學術不端問題經常出現(xiàn),有些學生進行網上抄襲或者使用百度百科等網絡文章拼湊成論文;也有的學生找人;還有的學生直接改用本專業(yè)往屆學長的合格畢業(yè)論文上交等。這些做法,論文(設計)指導老師都很難左右。有些情況可以通過論文檢驗出來,有些則很難查出。但是,這些學術不端行為會敗壞了學術風氣,使得學校安排學生寫作畢業(yè)論文(設計)的培養(yǎng)計劃失去了應該發(fā)揮的作用和意義。 

二是,選題問題:有些學生所選題目陳舊過時,有些題目范圍過大或過小不利于論文寫作,或者學生所選題目的寫作可行性較差。學生思想惰性強,所選題目陳舊過時,遠離時代,缺乏現(xiàn)實應用價值。應用型本科學生的畢業(yè)論文要求學生選題新穎,要有一定的獨立見解,尤其是對于以往反復研究過的題目,要從新的視角挖掘出獨特的觀點和見解。但很多學生沒有意識到畢業(yè)論文(設計)選題的重要意義,而是挑選以前學長寫過的題目來寫,認為可以照著別人的寫法來模仿完成。 

也有些學生認為,選擇較大題目會有的可寫,也容易寫夠字數(shù)。實際上,題目過大,在寫作過程中難以駕馭和把握。當然,還有些學生認為,選擇較小題目會容易寫具體,但是所選題目過小,在寫作過程中只能寫一些具體操作流程,無法形成具有一定理論深度的畢業(yè)論文。畢業(yè)論文選題要確定合理的范圍,學生盡量選擇與學過的課程相關,寫作熟悉一些的內容,能夠保證在有限的時間內順利完成畢業(yè)論文。 

再者就是所選題目是否具備寫作的可行性問題,由于一些學生缺少寫作經驗,在選題時沒有注意到題目內涵及外延,以及自己是否能夠搜集到足夠的論據及寫作素材,導致學生論文寫作過程出現(xiàn)無法繼續(xù)或中途更換論文題目的問題。 

三是,論文(設計)出現(xiàn)邏輯結構不合理及寫作不規(guī)范問題。從歷屆學生畢業(yè)論文(設計)答辯稿件來看,存在的問題主要有:邏輯上出現(xiàn)前后矛盾、條理不清、缺乏科學的論證方法、研究方法不規(guī)范、創(chuàng)新點不明確、語言表達不清楚等問題。這些問題都會影響畢業(yè)論文的質量,甚至于影響學生能否順利通過畢業(yè)論文(設計)答辯。 

2 應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)水平不高的主要原因 

一是,學生對應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)沒有正確的認識。一方面,由于教師在論文(設計)指導課程教學中對學術不端現(xiàn)象的后果強調不足,導致學生對這個問題沒有清楚的認識。另一方面,一些學生畢業(yè)了忙于找工作或畢業(yè)實習,對論文(設計)寫作不夠重視,應付了事;還有一些學生在網上找?guī)灼恼码S便拼湊一下了事,或是請人完成應付交差。這些做法都形成了應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)寫作出現(xiàn)的學術不端問題,最終影響到學生能否如期畢業(yè)。 

二是,指導教師與學生之間溝通不夠,學生缺乏有效的寫作指導,導致出現(xiàn)選題偏差。教師在論文(設計)指導課程教學中,由于課時量問題,沒有足夠強調學生與指導教師對選題溝通的重要性,更沒有進行足夠的選題指導實踐訓練;同時,在應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)寫作指導實踐中,指導教師往往把大部分精力放在科研和教學上,對學生畢業(yè)論文選題方向重視不夠。開題并進入初稿寫作過程以后,才發(fā)現(xiàn)要么由于指導老師的專業(yè)背景和學生論文方向差距較大而無力指導,要么學生選題問題較大而無法繼續(xù)寫作。

三是,由于課程教學內容安排不合理,導致對學生寫作幫助不大。由于學校論文(設計)指導課程教學內容安排不合理,不能夠使學生通過該課程的學習掌握論文與設計的寫作區(qū)別、論文(設計)的寫作要求、寫作規(guī)范,以及開題報告、文獻綜述的寫作要點以及定量、定性研究方法的使用等內容。最終導致一些學生出現(xiàn)論文邏輯結構問題及寫作不規(guī)范等問題。 

3 畢業(yè)論文(設計)指導課程教學改革對策 

應用型本科學生畢業(yè)后大多數(shù)要進入各行業(yè)從事具體工作崗位的實踐活動,因而高校對學生從業(yè)能力的培養(yǎng)就顯得尤其重要。大學生應具備的從業(yè)能力應包括:具有強烈的進取心及責任感;較高水平的分析能力;較好的溝通交流能力;具備一定的創(chuàng)造和學習能力等等。①可以看到,嚴格的畢業(yè)生論文(設計)寫作訓練能夠起到綜合訓練和提升學生未來從業(yè)能力的作用。因此,筆者認為學生畢業(yè)論文(設計)寫作應建立以提升學生從業(yè)能力為導向的畢業(yè)生論文寫作課程教學改革策略:一是,強調應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)是對學生綜合實踐能力培養(yǎng)的認識;二是,明確論文(設計)學生選題的實踐價值;三是,設計合理的論文(設計)教學內容;四是,采取適合論文指導課程的教學方法。 

首先,強調應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)是對學生綜合實踐能力培養(yǎng)的認識。應用型本科教育在教學、科研、服務諸方面都以應用為導向,堅持為地方或區(qū)域社會經濟發(fā)展服務,面向行業(yè)、面向人才市場需求來建設專業(yè)。②應用型本科生的畢業(yè)論文(設計)寫作過程,既是檢驗本科生綜合運用本學科所學知識的重要手段,同時又是一項培養(yǎng)學生邏輯寫作能力的實踐教學過程。因此,必須強調學生畢業(yè)論文(設計)寫作過程是對學生綜合實踐能力培養(yǎng)的認識,應該讓學生結合所學專業(yè)和自己的實習實踐并與指導教師進行充分溝通來進行畢業(yè)論文(設計)的選題及后續(xù)寫作。 

必須堅決杜絕學生采取的各種學術不端行為,如在網上找?guī)灼恼码S便拼湊一下了事、請人完成應付交差等行為。在畢業(yè)論文(設計)指導課程中,教師可以結合一些學校處理過的學術不端案例來教育學生,使其對學術不端的后果有清醒的認識,讓學生從思想上認識到學術不端做法對學業(yè)以及將來職業(yè)發(fā)展的巨大危害性。 

第二,明確論文(設計)學生選題的實踐價值導向。應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)指導課程教學必須首先讓學生能夠區(qū)分論文與設計的不同標準和要求,明確論文(設計)選題的實踐價值導向。應按各學院按專業(yè)建立各論文(設計)指導課程授課導師組,采用競爭機制選擇授課教師,使得論文(設計)課程中師生能夠就講解的案例做到專業(yè)上的充分溝通,使學生接受針對性較強的專業(yè)寫作訓練,以保證畢業(yè)論文(設計)指導課程具有較強實踐性。 

應用型本科的人才培養(yǎng)應以知識、能力和技能是否與社會對應用型人才的要求相適應為評價標準。③應用型本科院校應在學生畢業(yè)論文(設計)選題方面強調其具有一定的實踐意義,能使學生綜合運用所學專業(yè)進行系統(tǒng)的寫作訓練,使學生能夠在規(guī)定時間內順利畢業(yè)論文(設計)寫作,達到培養(yǎng)具有實踐創(chuàng)新能力人才的教學目標。因此,最好強調指導教師和學生的反復溝通,結合學生實習實踐背景,在老師研究方向范圍內進行畢業(yè)論文選題。這樣,既可以最大限度保證畢業(yè)論文(設計)選題的合理性,又能夠使得指導教師能夠有效參與到學生的寫作過程之中結合學生實習實踐經驗來提高學生的積極性。 

第三,設計合理的論文(設計)教學內容。采用專題講解來講授撰寫論文(設計)過程,要在教學目標中重點講授如何選題、如何收集資料、如何選用適合的研究方法,如何掌控好寫作進度,如何做好寫作過程中的師生溝通,怎樣避免學術不端的做法等方面。 授課過程中要明確論文(設計)指導授課教師職責,依照學校畢業(yè)論文(設計)指導手冊要求將撰寫畢業(yè)論文(設計)的每一步驟內容分解到每課時的教學任務中,包括:論文(設計)選題、擬定論文(設計)提綱、開題報告、文獻使用、研究方法選用、初稿要求、論文修改、及論文(設計)修改要求、定稿要求及學術寫作規(guī)范等內容。 

授課教師還要向學生強調遵守學校要求的畢業(yè)論文(設計)寫作進度,即從選定導師、確定選題、列出寫作提綱、完成開題報告、再到初稿寫作、論文修改、定稿等這樣一個完整的論文寫作過程。授課教師要結合自己的指導經驗,向學生強調論文(設計)寫作過程中每一個環(huán)節(jié)需要與指導老師主動溝通的要點以及沒有做好這些溝通工作容易出現(xiàn)的問題,以確保整個論文(設計)的高質量完成。 

第四,采取適合論文指導課程的教學方法。充分運用多媒體,通過圖片展示、視頻講解,讓學生結成小組共同進行案例討論,激發(fā)學生的參與興趣,從而提高學生論文(設計)的綜合寫作能力,引導學生樹立自信心及創(chuàng)新精神。在授課過程中,要引導學生學會充分利用中國知網、百度學術等網絡資源和圖書館等進行查找和使用期刊等文獻,學會文獻綜述寫作,培養(yǎng)學生結合專業(yè)實踐背景提出問題、分析問題和解決問題的從業(yè)能力。 

4 結語 

綜上所述,應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)寫作會出現(xiàn)各種各樣的問題,為培養(yǎng)應用型實踐人才必須進行畢業(yè)論文(設計)課程教學改革。尤其要遵循以提升學生從業(yè)能力為導向的畢業(yè)生論文(設計)指導課程教學改革策略,即強調應用型本科畢業(yè)論文(設計)是對學生綜合實踐能力培養(yǎng)的認識,明確論文(設計)學生選題的實踐價值,設計合理的論文(設計)教學內容,采取適合論文指導課程的教學方法。最終,通過畢業(yè)論文(設計)寫作訓練,提高應用型本科學生分析、解決問題的實踐能力,為社會培養(yǎng)更多滿足市場需求的高級應用型實踐人才。 

注釋 

① 王均平.基于用人單位需求的普通高校畢業(yè)生從業(yè)能力的選擇與設計[J].高等教育研究,2013(5):72-75. 

篇4

關鍵詞: 英語專業(yè) 本科畢業(yè)論文 網絡寫作策略

英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文寫作有著重要的意義,《高等學校英語專業(yè)英語教學大綱》認為它是考查學生語言能力、獨立能力和創(chuàng)新能力的重要參考,“評估學業(yè)成績的一個重要方式”。[1]近年來,雖然有了更多關于英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文寫作的研究,內容既涉及微觀的選題、摘要、主題句、語言和格式問題,又涉及宏觀的現(xiàn)狀分析、論文指導體系和評估機制問題。[2][3][4][5][6]然而,卻鮮有學者論及網絡資源的利用。這不僅與我國高校豐富的中英文電子圖書資源和全球幾千億之巨的中英文網頁資源明顯不協(xié)調,[7][8]而且與很多本科學生的實際上網情況和畢業(yè)論文對網絡資源的嚴重濫用很不協(xié)調。因此,如何在畢業(yè)論文寫作過程中預防網絡抄襲、合理有效地利用日益發(fā)達的網絡環(huán)境和日益豐富的網絡資源,是適應信息時展、進一步提高英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文質量的急迫需要解決的問題。本文擬探討如何利用豐富的中英文網絡資源,發(fā)揮個人網絡信息能力,實現(xiàn)畢業(yè)論文寫作的網絡策略,在方便教師論文指導和管理的同時,也方便學生更靈活地運用自己的時間和空間,減少論文寫作的工作量,降低論文寫作的難度,進而有效地提高畢業(yè)論文寫作的效率和質量。

一、絡寫作策略的基本原則

結合學生的經濟、社會和文化背景,網絡寫作策略應該遵循以下原則:(1)資金節(jié)約原則。盡量免除不必要的經濟壓力,充分利用現(xiàn)有的個人電腦、聯(lián)網手機或者公共電腦的軟硬件設施,同時發(fā)揮個人的網絡和現(xiàn)實人際關系,有效獲取所需資源。(2)時間和空間靈活利用原則。網絡寫作的主要目的之一就是實現(xiàn)隨時隨地上網就可以寫作的構想。(3)語言文化的敏感原則。首先,由于大多數(shù)電腦或者手機設備的系統(tǒng)都使用中文軟件,因此為了在搜索英文信息時不受中文信息的干擾,需要把網頁瀏覽器的語言環(huán)境進行調整,并且把國外搜索引擎的偏好和指令語言都改為英語。其次,英語論文與中文論文有較大的區(qū)別,在寫作過程中要盡量避免漢語語言文化的負遷移。(4)遵守國家的互聯(lián)網相關法律法規(guī)。

同時,雖然畢業(yè)論文的長度、語言、結構、格式和內容都是對本科學生嚴肅的挑戰(zhàn),但英美國家長期的學術傳統(tǒng)和相應網絡資源的豐富已經能夠在較大程度上解決很多問題。所以在寫作過程中學生要對自己的信息需求保持敏感,遵守信息素質原則,在實際行動中貫徹信息獲取、評價、整理和合理利用的基本步驟,挖掘并發(fā)揮網絡資源優(yōu)勢,自主解決論文寫作中的諸多問題。

二、畢業(yè)論文的網絡寫作策略

根據網絡、網絡資源和畢業(yè)論文寫作過程的特征,網絡寫作策略的成分包括:硬件環(huán)境、軟件環(huán)境、網絡和畢業(yè)論文的相關知識、信息處理、寫作模板和樣本、語言工具、通訊工具、論文修改工具和反抄襲檢查。

網絡寫作的硬件環(huán)境由能夠進行上網服務的手機和電腦構成。公共網吧和學校的計算機實驗中心不存在這方面的問題。但是,如果辦理個人手機或者電腦上網業(yè)務,就要認真閱讀產品說明書,確認自己的手機或者電腦具備所需要的無線或者有線硬件配置;而且,無線服務的覆蓋范圍要能夠滿足自己的個人需要??偟膩碚f,近幾年的手提電腦和2009年上市的手機終端通常都支持高速無線上網服務。

網絡寫作的軟件環(huán)境包括瀏覽器軟件、文檔閱讀和編輯軟件、文檔轉換軟件,以及文檔存儲服務幾個方面。很多電腦上網瀏覽軟件(如Internet Explorer,Google Chrome)都有相應的手機版瀏覽軟件,但更常用的手機瀏覽器卻是Opera,UCWEB和GO。在通過設置正確的上網方式后,手機和電腦就能利用瀏覽器使用大多數(shù)共同資源了。網絡上有較多優(yōu)秀的在線free word processors,不需要在電腦或者手機上安裝。使用方便而功能又幾乎能與Microsoft Word媲美的當屬Google Documents。用戶通過聯(lián)網手機或者電腦在獲得免費Gmail賬戶后即可進入自己的文檔空間,創(chuàng)建文件并進行編輯和儲存,安全性能較高。其它所涉及的軟件主要依據資料的文檔類型而定,但通常是.doc,.ppt,.xls文件,這些都能上傳到Google Docs打開或編輯;對于.caj,.kdh,.pdf,.省略、搜搜問問)、電子商務(如淘寶網店)、電子圖書館、個人社會關系獲取或者傳遞所需的電子資源。把握所需信息必須了解的程度,適可而止,同時也要明確不同信息的所需類型(網絡工具書、普通網絡文本、網絡圖書、電子學術期刊、圖片資料、視頻資料、音頻資料、軟件、數(shù)據庫等),以便于利用搜索引擎的不同功能或者專門搜索引擎進行比較準確的查找,或者便于確定在廣域網還是學校電子圖書館查找。信息的評價是指通過閱讀所獲信息、比較同類資源、查詢作者背景、查看網站域名和信息組織方式等,篩選獲得的信息。通常,如果信息者沒有學術或者高校工作背景,可以查看網站是否屬于.edu,.gov.省略網域來作出初步評估。信息的整理是指通過summarizing,synthesizing,paraphrasing,quoting,highlighting和commenting等方式進行處理,利用眾多的免費在線軟件服務,對過濾后的信息作用進行評價和標識,并通過超鏈接等方式把它們整合到自己的寫作計劃中。信息的使用是指合理合法地使用資源,尊重信息者的使用協(xié)議,遵循APA,MLA或者CMS等文獻使用的學術道德規(guī)范。

絡寫作過程中還有一些標準模板和自動程序可以使用;常用的有論文寫作模板和文獻引用的自動生成程序。很多美國大學和研究機構都有MLA,APA或者CMS格式的論文寫作模板(template)可以下載,寫作者只需要在相應版塊寫入相應內容即可。但選用的時候要注意模板所對應的論文格式印刷版本,以避免信息陳舊問題。而論文文獻格式的自動生成程序(bibliography generator)則可以幫助解決復雜的引用規(guī)范問題。使得文內引用(in-text citation)、腳注和尾注(footnote and endnote),以及文后的書目制作輕而易舉就能完成。在眾多的相關程序中,綜合性和信度都比較高的是Son of Citation Machine;它包括了主要文獻格式和主要文獻類型的引用格式,也及時更新了文獻格式的版本,是網絡寫作的可靠資源之一。

論文寫作過程中的信息溝通主要是和指導老師的充分交流,和同學的必要交流,以及和虛擬社區(qū)相關人士的有限交流。與指導老師交流的目的是為了提高論文整體質量和按時完成畢業(yè)論文,可以通過手機或者電腦的電子郵件或者實時通訊軟件(communication software)實現(xiàn);和同學交流主要是為了獲取或者交流信息,也可以通過手機或者電腦的電子郵件或者實時通訊軟件實現(xiàn);和虛擬社區(qū)相關人士的交流主要是為了在保證信息安全的情況下獲取所需信息,主要通過社區(qū)群組(groups,communities,forums)和電子郵件來實現(xiàn)。

利用網絡寫作本科畢業(yè)論文可以比較有效地防止網絡抄襲行為,包括表層網絡抄襲、深層網絡抄襲和網絡兜售的論文。表層網絡抄襲是指抄襲不需要提交用戶信息就可以檢索到的網頁資源,付費的數(shù)據庫和網絡資源不在此列。除了把學生論文的可疑部分或者關鍵部分的關鍵詞放到通用搜索引擎中搜索以外,還可以使用在線的文獻抄襲檢測系統(tǒng)(plagiarism checker/detector/scanner)發(fā)現(xiàn)這種行為,譬如EVE2和Viper Anti-plagiarism Scanner。深層網絡抄襲主要是指抄襲數(shù)據庫資源。檢測這種行為可以分為兩種策略:一是關鍵詞搜索:先把論文的可疑部分或者關鍵部分通過國內外數(shù)據庫專用搜索引擎進行檢索;在檢測到抄襲行為的情況下,如果可能,還可以把相應的論文下載到本地計算機,通過文件對比軟件(file comparison software)確定抄襲的比率(如弗吉尼亞大學的免費軟件WCopyfind);二是購買以數(shù)據庫為主的反抄襲服務,如CheckForPlagiarism和CNKI英文檢測系統(tǒng)。由于學生提交的稿件都是電子文檔,指導老師可以較早地把學生的論文上傳到在線檢測系統(tǒng),及時阻止網絡抄襲行為。隨著高等教育的發(fā)展,國內的論文作坊也不計其數(shù),英語專業(yè)本科論文價格也依據性質的不同而價格各異。通常,他們數(shù)據庫中的論文價格在300元人民幣左右,而“原創(chuàng)性”的論文則需要1000元以上。在一般情況下,通過在本地計算機或者手機上查看文檔屬性或者高級屬性就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)問題。如果結合論文寫作過程管理(包括對選題、提綱、原始資料及論文稿件版本的審查),論文作弊的成本就會大大增加。通過查看電子文檔屬性、對比不同的電子文檔版本、跟蹤學生的論文修改情況,只是簡單地點幾個鍵,買方和賣方就會面臨很大的信用風險。這些措施可以在相當程度上規(guī)避不誠實行為。

三、結語

手機或者電腦網絡積聚了豐富的信息資源、提供了發(fā)達的通訊功能;英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文的網絡寫作已經具備了比較成熟的條件。論文過程所涉及的選題、提綱撰寫、資料收集、稿件寫作、問題咨詢、指導和管理等環(huán)節(jié)都可以通過網絡軟硬件資源來完成。相對于傳統(tǒng)的論文寫作方法,網絡寫作策略具有諸多的獨特作用。它首先賦予了論文寫作更靈活的時間和地點,比較適合當前教學和科研任務繁重的英語教師及四處奔波的大四學生。其次,網絡寫作策略延伸了論文指導老師的內涵,網絡上千千萬萬的信息提供者都或多或少充當了這個角色,大大減輕了師生雙方的壓力。再次,老師可以從以往語言或者格式等繁瑣問題中抽身出來,更多地從寫作過程的簡便性、結構的合理性、內容的思想性等方面給學生提供建議,幫助學生自主解決畢業(yè)論文寫作中的諸多問題。最后,網絡寫作策略還能夠有效利用網絡資源阻止泛濫的學術不端行為,培養(yǎng)學術誠信。

但在網絡寫作策略實施過程中,我們可能遇到的兩個常見問題是:(1)由于資金等因素影響,有的優(yōu)秀網絡資源可能不穩(wěn)定,間歇或者長期不可獲取;(2)由于信息太多或者太少而茫然不知所措。對于前者,需要保持比較靈活的資源使用態(tài)度,善于尋找替代資源。而資源太多時則要增加限制條件,利用高級搜索功能縮小范圍;在資源缺乏時則要減少限制條件或者更改搜索關鍵詞,尋找另外的解決辦法??傊?日益豐富的信息存在于不可見的網絡上,只要能合理有效地利用網絡資源,就可以把畢業(yè)論文的網絡寫作策略發(fā)揮好,從而有效提高畢業(yè)論文寫作的效率和質量。

參考文獻:

[1]高等學校外語專業(yè)教學指導委員會英語組.高等學校英語專業(yè)英語教學大綱[S].上海:上海外語教育出版社,2000.

[2]穆鳳英.英語專業(yè)本科生畢業(yè)論文的調查與思考[J].徐州師范大學學報,2001.27(4):138-142.

[3]孫文抗.英語專業(yè)學士論文寫作現(xiàn)狀分析[J].外語界,2004,101(3):59-64.

[4]顏靜蘭,倪薇.英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文規(guī)范操作思考[J].外國語言文學,2005,86(4):259-263.

[5]王崇義.加強畢業(yè)論文指導,提升學生素質[J].外語教學,2004,25(6):73-76.

[6]陳,薛榮.英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文質量監(jiān)控體系構建與實踐[J].重慶科技學院學報,2008.05:204-205.

[7]魏志玲.西部師范院校圖書館電子資源建設研究[J].內蒙古師范大學學報,2009,22(9):152-154.

篇5

本科生要想獲得學位證書,撰寫畢業(yè)論文是一個必要的條件 但畢業(yè)論文的撰寫一定要通過中期報告這個關,如果中期報告不被通過,那么就不允許撰寫學位論文,因此中期報告對于本科畢業(yè)論文而言起著關鍵作用。那么本科畢業(yè)論文中期報告怎么寫,具體步驟有哪些?下文筆者會做詳細分析,大家可以進行參考借鑒。

本科畢業(yè)論文中期報告寫作要點

第一、要寫什么

這個重點要進行已有文獻綜述把有關的題目方面的已經有的國內外研究認真介紹一下先客觀介紹情況要如實陳述別人的觀點然后進行評述后主觀議論加以評估說已有研究有什么不足說有了這些研究但還有很多問題值得研究。其中要包括選題將要探討的問題。由于研究不足所以你要研究。你的論文要寫什么是根據文獻綜述得出來的,而不是你想寫什么就寫什么。如果不做綜述很可能你的選題早被別人做得很深了。

第二、為什么要寫這個

這個主要是說明你這個選題的意義??梢哉f在理論上?你發(fā)現(xiàn)別人有什么不足和研究空白?所以你去做?就有理論價值了。那么你要說清楚你從文獻綜述中選出來的這個題目在整個相關研究領域占什么地位。這就是理論價值。然后你還可以從實際價值去談。就是這個題目可能對現(xiàn)實有什么意義可能在實際中派什么用場等等。

第三、怎么寫

在上述三個方面中間文獻綜述是重點。沒有文獻綜述你就無法找到自己的題目也不知道這個題目別人已經做得怎么樣了所以你要認真進行綜述。當然綜述的目的還是引出你自己的話題所以不能忘記評述。

本科畢業(yè)論文中期報告各個欄目填寫

中期報告封面各欄目的填寫方法

封頁各欄目由中期者(學生)填寫。

篇6

1.本科畢業(yè)論文實踐中的計算機應用現(xiàn)狀

1.1 計算機知識儲備量不足

目前,各高校都開設有計算機課程,但仍不能滿足本科畢業(yè)論文實踐的需求。對于本科畢業(yè)論文,主要會用到Office辦公軟件中的Word、Excel、PowerPoint(PPT,Internet文獻數(shù)據庫,以及文獻管理軟件等。雖然各高校一般都開設有計算機基礎類課程,介紹MicrosoftWindows、Office軟件、Internet的使用,但所授內容還不能滿足本科畢業(yè)論文實踐的需要。在畢業(yè)論文寫作時,畢業(yè)生往往感到Word文檔的編排非常的麻煩,需要花費相當?shù)木蜁r間,也給指導老師增添了不少指導負擔。同樣,Excel、PowerPoint、Internet的使用也不盡如人意。除此之外,還有部分軟件知識在已有課程中完全沒有涉及,如文獻管理軟件的使用等。

1.2 計算機硬件設施不足

計算機資源不足嚴重影響畢業(yè)論文的撰寫。學生可利用的計算機資源主要有三種:自有計算機,學校計算機,網吧計算機。對自有計算機而言,雖有調查表明大學生電腦的擁有率已達到50%左右,但對于大多數(shù)來自農村的大學生而言,他們的電腦擁有率依然很低。對學校計算機而言,雖然各學校都建立有計算機房,但相比于龐大的學生群體,學校計算機依然不能滿足學生需求,而且學校計算機主要用于教學使用,學生的使用有時間限制。在這種情況下,許多學生不得不求助于網吧,而網吧一般不安裝OFFICE辦公軟件,更不會安裝如AutoCAD這種專業(yè)軟件,也無法訪問學校圖書館數(shù)據庫。與此同時,畢業(yè)論文的撰寫時間比較集中,往往在一兩個月內完成,特別是臨近答辯的幾天里,幾千畢業(yè)生需要計算機修訂論文,計算機的緊張程度可想而知。因而,學生在畢業(yè)論文撰寫過程中,常遇到沒有計算機可以使用的情況。

1.3 計算機使用缺乏指導

學生進行計算機操作時,缺乏足夠的指導。由于高校擴招,學生數(shù)量急劇增大而教師數(shù)量增加緩慢,導致師生比偏高,嚴重影響教學質量。作為公共基礎課程,幾千名學生的教學工作,往往由十多名教師來完成,師生比甚至高達1:250,很難說學生可以充分得到教師的指導在畢業(yè)論文進行階段,也同樣遇到師生比過高的問題,經常遇到一個老師同時指導十幾名學生的現(xiàn)象,教師指導任務重,很難保證指導質量。

2.本科畢業(yè)論文實踐中計算機應用需求

2.1 WORD大型文檔編排

畢業(yè)論文是一種較長的文檔,編排難度相對較大般而言,畢業(yè)論文字數(shù)要求5000字以上,頁數(shù)一般在10頁以上,編排的版式幾乎與出版社正規(guī)出版的書籍類似。這對于平時很少利用Word軟件的學生而言,具有很大的難度,需要重新學習Word的編排技巧。在論文寫作過程中,也容易出現(xiàn)論文排版上的各種問題。

目前,文檔編排軟件很多,但一般采用Mi-crosoftWord完成.對于Word排版問題,應著重解決以下幾方面的問題:①頁面設置;②文字格式的設置;③樣式的應用;④分節(jié)的設置;⑤頁眉頁腳的設置;⑥圖表的繪制;⑦公式的錄入;⑧自動生成目錄。

2.2 Excel表、圖與統(tǒng)計分析

對于大多數(shù)的畢業(yè)論文,都會涉及插入圖表,以及數(shù)據的統(tǒng)計分析。除文科類論文較少涉及圖表知識外,理工科、農科、醫(yī)學等學科的大部分畢業(yè)論文,都會涉及圖表的制作以及數(shù)據的統(tǒng)計分析。在畢業(yè)論文寫作過程中,部分學生對圖表的制作很是陌生,甚至不知道標準的圖表要求是什么,因而做出來的圖表不僅不美觀,而且也不符合要求。Excel還具有統(tǒng)計分析功能,不僅方便快捷,而且準確可靠,但不少同學不知道Excel具有統(tǒng)計學功能,更不會使用。他們往往采用手算的方法來進行統(tǒng)計分析,耗時耗力,而且還容易出錯。

圖表與統(tǒng)計分析,不僅可以采用Excel,也可以采用更為專業(yè)的軟件,如Origin制圖、Sigmaplot制圖、SAS統(tǒng)計分析、SPSS統(tǒng)計分析等,但以Excel更為方便。對于Execl圖表與統(tǒng)計,應著重解決以下幾方面的問題:①Excel表格的制作(特別是三線表的制作);②Excel圖表的制作;③Excel函數(shù)與公式;④Excel統(tǒng)計分析工具。除此之外,也可以介紹Origin、Sigmaplot、SAS、SPSS等軟件的使用。

文檔演示畢業(yè)論文答辯時,_般采用PPT展示其研究課題。答辯過程主要包含兩部分,學生陳述和老師提問。學生的自主陳述過程,不僅需要其精彩的陳述,更需要映襯陳述的多媒體展示。目前,大多數(shù)學生往往直接將論文內容粘貼到PPT當中,卻不知如何精簡和美化,結果導致PPT臃腫,條理不清晰,沒有層次感。導致這一情況的直接原因就是學生缺乏PPT制作的技巧。

對于PPT的制作,應著重解決以下幾方面的問題:①整體結構設計;②頁面布局設計;③色彩搭配設計;④演講內容提煉;⑤媒體元素設置;⑥動態(tài)效果設置;⑦播放策略。

2.4 INTERNET文獻檢索

Internet是獲取科技信息非常方便的渠道。畢業(yè)論文的實踐不是閉門造車,而是他人研究成果的繼續(xù)。因而在研究之前需要查閱大量的文獻。文獻資料主要分為兩種資料:文本資料和電子資料。大部分的研究成果是以期刊論文、會議報告、學位論文等形式最先展示出來的,而這部分資料目前基本都被相關數(shù)據庫所收錄,存儲在數(shù)據服務器上。利用互聯(lián)網技術,可以非常方便地查閱到所需要的資料。

對于Internet文獻檢索,應著重解決以下幾方面的問題:①主要中文期刊數(shù)據庫;②主要英文期刊數(shù)據庫;③其它類型數(shù)據庫(如:電子圖書、電子報紙、會議論文、學位論文、標準、專利等);④檢索策略;⑤檢索技巧。

2.5 ENDNOTE文獻管理

在畢業(yè)論文撰寫過程中,根據撰寫需要,要對參考文獻進行插入、移動、刪除等各種管理操作。本科畢業(yè)論文的參考文獻數(shù)量一般在20篇左右,而研究生畢業(yè)論文的參考文獻數(shù)量可達100篇以上,對于如此多的文獻,如果采用人工管理的方式,不僅工作量巨大,而且非常容易出錯。通過專業(yè)的文獻管理軟件,可以非常方便地對參考文獻進行處理。文獻管理類軟件有多種,如:醫(yī)學文獻王、風^-express、Endnote、Referencemanager、Notefirst等。不同軟件有自己的特點和優(yōu)勢,重點推薦Endnote文獻管理軟件,當然像Notefrst這種推出時間較短的國內免費軟件,也有不錯的口碑。

以Endnote文獻管理軟件為例,應著重解決以下幾方面問題:①參考文獻格式標準;②創(chuàng)建End-note圖書館;③文獻信息錄入;④Word中使用文獻格式模板設置;⑥高級應用。

3.本科畢業(yè)論文實踐中的計算機應用指導

3.1 加強計算機教育課程建設

通過調整課程設置和課程內容,引入相關計算機教育內容。同時,提高教學質量和水平,加強學生計算機實踐能力的培養(yǎng)。在《計算機基礎》課程中,要將Office辦公軟件引入到課程中,并要達到一定的應用水準。在《試驗設計與統(tǒng)計分析》課程中,可以引入Excel和SAS等軟件知識。在《文獻檢索》課程中,可以引入Internet的使用,數(shù)據庫查詢和Endnote軟件等知識。在其它專業(yè)課程中,凡涉及到計算機內容的,也要盡可能進行上機訓練,提高計算機應用能力。

3.2 加強計算機專業(yè)知識講座

通過專題講座的形式,講解畢業(yè)論文實踐過程中所使用的軟件知識。在畢業(yè)論文撰寫期間,可以通過專題講座,具有針對性地進行輔導。因此,學生可以及時的了解相關知識,并立即加以應用。除了現(xiàn)場的講座形式外,還可以利用網絡的優(yōu)勢,建立網上學習平臺,將學習資源放在網絡上,學生可以隨時查詢相關計算機應用知識。

3.3 加強計算機硬件建設

加大計算機硬件設施的投入力度,優(yōu)化計算機機房管理,提高計算機利用效率。根據學校人數(shù)和計算機使用的實際情況,合理投入資金進行計算機房的建設,增加計算機的臺套數(shù)。其次,制定合理的管理措施,適當延長計算機房的使用時間,提高計算機房的利用效率,減少計算機的非學習性占用。

3.4 加強指導老師的指導職責

制定畢業(yè)論文指導教師的考核體系,強化指導教師的責任意識,督促教師加強對學生的指導。從學校和學院兩個層次,學校層次要做好畢業(yè)論文指導的全面工作,同時要對計算機應用指導工作提出明確統(tǒng)_的要求,學院則有必要對學校的規(guī)定做出具體的安排和實施辦法。

4.小結

篇7

2. British English and American English 2

2.1The history of British English 3

2.2 The history of American English 4

3. Grammar differences between British English and American English 6

3.1 Lexical differences 6

3.1.1The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms 7

3.1.2 Differences in verb 7

3.1.2.1 Differences in the inflectional endings of verbs 7

3.1.2.2Different use of present perfect tenses 8

3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs 8

3.1.2.4 Different use of "have" 9

3.1.3 Different use of function words 9

3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb 9

3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb 10

3.1.3.3 Differences in articles 11

3.2 Syntactical differences 12

3.2.1 Differences in compound object 12

3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements 13

3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood 13

4. The differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English 14

5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English 17

6. Conclusion 17

Acknowledgements 19

References 19

1.Introduction

There is one play in the famous American TV series Friends: Ross will go to England to marry Emily, suddenly Rachel decides to show his love to Ross and goes to England either, so his friend Phoebe makes a call to tell the news to Ross and Emily, Emily’s housekeeper answers the call. The dialogue as follows:

Housekeeper: The Waltham Residence.

Phoebe: Oh...yes…is this…umm…Emily’s Parents’ house?

Housekeeper: This is the housekeeper speaking. And by the way, young lady, that is not how one addresses oneself on the telephone. First one identifies oneself and then asks for the person with whom one wishes to speak.

Phoebe: (In a British accent)This is Phoebe Buffay. I was wondering, please, if-if it’s not too much trouble, please, umm,might I speak to Miss Emily Waltham, please?

Housekeeper: Miss Waltham is at the rehearsal dinner and it’s not polite to make fun of people. Goodbye.

Phoebe: No,no,no, I’ll be nice, I swear!!! Could you just give me the number for where they are?

Housekeeper: I’m afraid, I’m not at liberty to divulge that information.

Phoebe: Ok, somebody is on their way to ruin wedding okay. And I have to warn somebody, alright. So if you don’t give me that number then I’m going to come over there and kick your snooty ass all the way to New Glocken...shire.

Housekeeper: Hangs up[1]

We can see from the above dialogue that British English is more serious and formal than American English. The American speaks at will while the Englishmen speak gently. As we all know the two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. There seems to be little differences between the two varieties but the influences are very different. On some occasion we may have some mistakes in communication, in order to help the English speakers and learners understand the two varieties better and to eliminate troubles that may prevent communication and English writing, so I will make analysis on the grammar differences between British English and American English.

2. British English and American English

Nowadays English has developed into a global language. The fact that such a large number of people all around the world speak English means that there are many dialects and varieties. The two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique culture possessed by the British and American countries. Since in Dissertations on the English Language, Noah Webster pointed out “several circumstances render a feature separation of the American tongue from the English necessary and unavoidable.”

2.1 The History of British English

English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree, though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word, as mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication.

Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary. It mainly divided into four periods.

(1)Proto-English (the 5th century AD)[2]

The languages of Germanic tribes gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western Europe. Many Latin words for common objects entered the vocabulary of these Germanic peoples before any of their tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street and wall. The Romans also gave the English language words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.

(2)Old English(AD 450—1100)[2]

The invaders' Germanic language replaced the indigenous Brythonic languages. (form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic)The original Celtic languages remained in parts of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings (is one of the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century.)who invaded and settled mainly in the north-east of England. The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix, suffix and inflection patterns for many words. The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf" composed by an unknown poet; it is thought to have been substantially modified, probably by Christian clerics long after its composition.

(3)Middle English(AD 1066-1470)[2]

For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years of the invasion, most of the Normans outside the royal court spoke English, with French remaining the prestige language of government and law, largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he learned French only as a second language. A tendency for French-derived words to have more formal connotations has continued to the present day; most modern English speakers would consider a "cordial reception" (from French) to be more formal than a "hearty welcome" (Germanic). Another example is the very unusual construction of the words for animals being separated from the words for their food products e.g. beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of the Germanically named animals 'cow' and 'pig'.                  

(4)Modern English(1500 up to the present)[2]

Modern English can be divided into two parts: early modern english(1500-1800)and late modern English. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English.

English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. (In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with the original inflections, but these eventually disappeared). As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the West Country.

In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significan t English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English Language.

2.2 The history of American English

During the 17th century, or more precisely on May 14, 1607, the first English settlers landed in Virginia. This was a group of 104 London entrepreneurs and they established the first English colony in Jamestown. Later on, in 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers, settlers from England, landed in Massachusetts, and also brought the English language over the Atlantic Ocean to America and another variety of English was born, American English. This variety is the largest of all the English varieties, since as many as 70% of the native English speakers live in the US. American English has preserved a number of words and features from the English spoken in England at the time of the settlement, which have now been changed in British English.

The history of American English can be divided into the colonial (1607-1776), the national (1776-1898), and the international (1898-present) periods. During nearly four hundred years of use in North America, the English language changed in small ways in pronunciation and grammar but extensively in vocabulary and in the attitude of its speakers. English settlements along the Atlantic Coast during the seventeenth century provided the foundation for English as a permanent language in the New World. But the English of the American colonies was bound to become distinct from that of the motherland. When people do not talk with one another, they begin to talk differently. The Atlantic Ocean served as an effective barrier to oral communication between the colonists and those who stayed in England, ensuring that their speech would evolve in different directions.[3]

   Americans also came cheek-to-jowl with "Amerindians" of several linguistic stocks, as well as French and Dutch speakers. They had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language. In the United States, there are also regional differences, and these are ultimately descendants of a mixture of accents spoken in the British Isles at the time of the settlement of America. Dialect boundaries in the US tend to run from east to west. The first immigrants settled along the Atlantic coast and they spread from east to west across the continent and took some dialect forms, for example words and pronunciation features, with them. The dialect areas in North America are much larger than they are in England, mainly because English has been spoken in England for about 1,500 years, but in America for only approximately 300 years. Because of America’s recent settlement, there has not been enough time for linguistic changes and this is why there are not so many dialect differences in this large country.

 

3. Grammar differences between British English and American English

English grammar is the set of rules within the English language itself. "An English grammar"(one kind of grammar system)is a specific study or analysis of these rules. In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes lexicology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. I mainly make analysis on the lexical and syntactical differences between British English and American English.

3.1 Lexical Differences

Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. Lexical differences mean relating to the words’ differences of a language.

3.1.1 The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms

Collective nouns such as “team, faculty, family, government” often take plural verb agreement and plural pronoun substitution in Britain English, but they nearly always take singular agreement and singular pronoun substitution in American English. There is a tendency in Britain English, to stress the individuality of the members, which is reflected in plural verb agreement and pronoun substitution, whereas American English Strongly tends to stress the unitary function of the group, which is reflected in singular verb and pronoun forms.[4] 6

Some examples:

Your team is doing well this year, isn’t it? (AmE)

Your team are doing well this year, aren’t they? (BrE)

3.1.2 Differences in Verb

In syntax, a verb is a word (part of speech) that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object).

3.1.2.1 Differences in the Inflectional Endings of Verbs

The past tense and past participle of the verbs are different in BrE and AmE.

The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In BrE, the irregular and regular forms are current; in some cases (smelt, leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms (especially by speakers using Received Pronunciation); in other cases (dreamed, leaned, learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).

Nonetheless, as with other usages considered nowadays to be typically British, the t endings are often found in older American texts. However, usage may vary when the past participles are actually adjectives, as in burnt toast.( Note that the two-syllable form learned ['lə:nid] usually written simply as learnt, is still used as an adjective to mean "educated", or to refer to academic institutions, in both BrE and AmE.)Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt on both sides of the Atlantic, although dwelled and kneeled are widely used in the US (but not in the UK).

In British English, the past tense of “get’’ is “got”, while American English usually use its past participle “gotten”.

For example,

A. John has got much better during the last week. (BrE)

B. John has gotten much better during the last week. (AmE)

According to the custom that British English usually uses “got” while American English “gotten”, we can quickly tell the nationality of the speaker. The former is British and the later is American. When Americans use “got”, they mean “own, possess and dominate”, such as the following two examples:

They’ve got no pride.

I’ve got plenty of material if I can just handle it.

3.1.2.2 Different use of present perfect tenses

Traditionally, BrE uses the present perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past(express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment) and with the words already, just, and yet. For example:

British English:[5]

I've just had lunch

I've already seen that film

Have you finished your homework yet?

American English:[5]

I just had lunch or I've just had lunch.

I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.

Have your finished your homework yet? Or did you finish your homework yet?

In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact) or the simple past (to imply an expectation). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. In British English the present perfect is used to.

"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home."

"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." [6]

Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".

Similarly, AmE occasionally replaces the pluperfect with the preterite. Also, US spoken usage sometimes, especially with the contracted forms, substitutes the conditional for the pluperfect (If I would have cooked the pie we could have had it for lunch), but this tends to be avoided in writing.[6]

3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs

The following verbs show differences in transitivity between BrE and AmE.[6]

agree: transitive or intransitive in BrE, usually intransitive in AmE (agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal AmE legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).

appeal(as a decision): usually intransitive in BrE (used with against) and transitive in AmE (appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).

cater("to provide food and service"): intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).

claim: sometimes intransitive in BrE (used with for), strictly transitive in AmE.

protest: in the sense of "oppose", intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in AmE means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).

write: in BrE, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In AmE, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).

3.1.2.4 Different use of “have”.

British English usually uses “Have you any children?” or “Have you got any

children?” while Americans commonly express the same meaning with “Do you have any children?”Let us see some other examples.

How many brothers do you have? (AmE)

How many brothers have you? (BrE)

You don’t have much room here. (AmE)

You haven’t (got) much room here. (BrE)

3.1.3 Different use of function words

Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only. Now I will compare the different use of function words in BrE and AE in detail as follows.

3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb

Differences between British and American English in prepositions are shown in the following two aspects: (1) different use of prepositions in the construction of phrases; (2) when using phrases, one will use a preposition while the other will omit it.

(1)Let us first review the different use of prepositions.

Your daughter’s name stands first in the list. (BrE)

Your daughter’s name stands first on the list. (AmE)

These dresses are in a sale. (BrE)

These dresses are on sale. (AmE)

He will come here at a quarter to three. (BrE, AmE)

He will come here at a quarter before /of / till three. (AmE)

She lives just round the corner (BrE).[7]4

She lives just around the corner (AmE).

Similarly, “five past nine” can be expressed in American English by “five after nine” or “nine five”. In front of “weekend” and “Christmas”, British English uses “at” or “over”, while American English adopts “over” or “on”.

At the weekend / Christmas (BrE)

Over the weekend / Christmas (BrE, AmE)

On the weekend / Christmas (AmE)

(2) Omitting preposition[8]2

In British English, before “day”, “week” or “certain day”, preposition “on” shall be used, while it is not so in American English.

The new term begins on September 1. (BrE)

The new term begins September 1. (AmE)

I’ll see you on Monday. (BrE)

I’ll see you Monday. (AmE)

In American English, when “home” is used as an adverb, the preposition “at” is not needed. But, in British English, “at” is required before “home”. Hence, “at home” is used in British English.

Is he home? (AmE)

Is he at home? (BrE)

3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb

In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. There are three types: Modal auxiliaries,have and go.

No matter in the frequency or the tendency of auxiliary verb, AmE differs from BrE. Their differences are stated as follows:.

(1)shall

Shall in BrE, is widely used in the fist person to raise questions, answer questions ,or to express future, while in AmE it is only used in the law file or informal style paper. In formal style paper, people usually use will or should. Such as:

Br.E:1)I shall tell you later.

Am.E:1)I will tell you later.

2)Shall I drink this now?

2)Should I drink this now?

(2)would[9]2

Would has two special usages in AmE, firstly it can show the usual action in the past. such as: When I was small, I would go there everyday.

However in BrE, the past tense or used to can express the past uaual action, therefore in BrE the above sentence should be changed into: When I was small, I went there everyday. Or When I was wmall, I used to go there everyday.

Secondly, would in AmE can express hypothesis in some informal language, quite like a kind of subjunctive mood, however in BrE not.

Try to compare:

Am.E:1)I wish I would have done it.

2)If I would have seen one, I would have bought it for you.

Br.E(it also the same with AmE):1)I wish I had done it.

2)If I had seen one, I would have bought it for you.

In Br.E, “would” and “will” can express suppose, while in Am.E the auxiliary verb “should” and “must” express supposition. Try to compare:

Br.E:1)That will be the postman at the door.

2)That would be zhongshan Road over there.

 

Am.E: 1)That must be (should be)the mailman at the door.

2)That should be(must be)Zhongshan Rood over there.

(3)used to

“Used to” in AmE is not seen as Modal auxiliary, but seen as notional word. To the opposite, in Br.E, used to is just seen as modal auxiliary, can offer or deny questions, also can be used as notional word but people use “do” to offer or deny questions. For example:

1)He used to go there.(notional verb)

Did he use to go there.(notional verb)

2)Used he to go there.(auxiliary verb)

He used not to go there.(auxiliary verb)

(4)ought to[9]6

“Ought to” is widely used in BrE to raise or deny questions, but in AmE use “should” to substitute for it, such as:

Br.E:1)Ought we to eat lunch?

Am.E:1)Should we eat lunch?

2)You ought not(oughtn’t) to have said that.      2)You shouldn’t have said that.

In AmE, ought to and used to are all used as notional verbs in the informal papers and such forms are said to be not standard forms. For example:

1)Did you ought to say that?

2)You didn’t ought to have said that.

(5) Different use of the indefinite pronoun “one”

 In BrE we can use “one” to indicate the “one” of the former writing again while in AmE we usually use “he” or “his” to instead the “one” of the former writing. For instance:

One cannot succeed unless one works hard.(BrE)

One cannot succeed unless he works hard.(AmE)

3.1.3.3 Differences in articles[19]

(1)The omitting of articles

Most phrases of British English have articles, while those of American English do not have. The “the” in the standard expressions in British English “all the afternoon”, “all the winter”, “all the week”, “this time of the year”, ect. But the articles are usually omitted in American English. For example:

The swimming pools are open all summer.

I’ll be here all afternoon.

He has been gone all week.

British English will use articles in front of “sickness”, “river” and etc., while American English does not. For example,

British English expresses in the form of “the measles”, “the mumps”, “the flu”, “the Niagara Falls” and “the Black Creek”, while American English says “measles”, “mumps”, “flu”, “Niagara Falls” and “Black Creek”.

However, there are exceptions. In some expressions, British English does not use articles, while American English does.

BrE                         AmE

Go into hospital                Go into the hospital

In hospital                   In the hospital

At university                  At the university

Sentences are as follows:

Next day, the rain began. (BrE)

The next day, the rain began. (AmE)

In future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (BrE)

In the future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (AmE)

(2) The position of articles

British English and American English are different from each other in the use of “a” or “an” with “half”. In British English, “a” follows “half”, for example, “half a dozen”, “half an hour”, “half a mile”, and “half a pound”. In American English, “a” is put in front of “half”, for example, “a half dozen”, “a half hour”, “a half mile” and “a half pound”.

3.2 Syntactical differences

Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicative function. I will explain the syntactic differences as follows.

3.2.1Differences in compound object[20]

The Verb“ -to do” usually used as compound object in British English, While past participle or past participle phrase mostly used as compound object in American English. Try to compare:

1)He also had ordered his luggage to be labeled for crew.(Bronte.)   (BrE)

2)Last year an American hotel manager ordered his quests evacuated after an anonymous bomb threat.(AmE)

3)I have a roll that was in dead storage during the war which I ordered put back in running order. (O' Hara) (AmE)

The two compound structures (compound object with past participle and compound object with –to do) are both used in the BrE and AmE, while the AmE use compound object more frequent ly than BrE. However, there are some differences in the routine usage of Verb related to this phrase structure. The verb “to order” usually linked with the compound structure with past participle in AmE, but linked with the compound structure with “verb -to do” in BrE.

3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements[11]

Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of AmE to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of BrE would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say I'll go take a bath, BrE speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, where speakers of BrE would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say come see what I bought, BrE speakers would say come and see what I've bought (notice the present perfect tense: a common British preference).

As to whether a preposition is used before days denoted by a single word, British people would say she resigned on Thursday, while Americans often say she resigned Thursday, but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, in AmE the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).But, it will say “I’ll be here on December.” in BrE.

In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. (This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both BrE and AmE.) A variation or alternative of this is the most American will say “the play opens Tuesday” and the most British will say “the play opens on Tuesday”. American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. We can see such differences by making comparison between Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995.

3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood used more in AmE than in BrE, which is mainly used in the formal style paper.

In subjunctive mood, American English will rarely reserve traditional subjunctive words.

I suggest that meeting be postponed. (AmE)

I suggest that meeting should be postponed. (BrE)

I wish I had done it. (AmE)

I wish I would have done it. (BrE)

4. The grammatical differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English

Black English also called African American Vernacular English which is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.There are four points in which black English differs from British English.

1)Negation

In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:

Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It can be used where Standard English would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't, a trait which is not specific to AAVE. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the U.S., some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that).[14] Ain't had its origins in common English, but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.

Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with Standard English, where a double negative is considered a positive (although this wasn't always so; see double negative). There is also "triple" or "multiple negation", as in the phrase I don't know nothing about no one no more, which would be "I don't know anything about anybody anymore" in Standard English.

In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (eg. Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothin' goin' on.)

While these are features that AAVE has in common with Creole languages,[15] Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.

Some of these characteristics, notably doubl e negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries such as the has in has been are also characteristic of general colloquial American English.

2)The omission of copula in black English

You crazy! ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: She is my sister.

Only the forms is and are (the latter of which, in any case, is often replaced by is) can be omitted. These forms cannot be omitted when they are pronounced with a stress (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).

These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in Standard English cannot show contraction (and vice-versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to (BrE) I don't know where he because in Standard English the corresponding reduction I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (Though I don't know where he at is possible.) Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[16]

  3)Present-tense verbs uninflected for number/person

there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.[17]

  4)The word it or is denoting the existence of something

This usage is equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". It is also found in the English of the US South. Examples its a doughnut in the cabinet ("There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon ("There isn't a spoon", also "They ain't no spoon").[17]

5) Altered syntax in questions

Why they ain't growin'? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of standard English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary DO.[18]

To put it simply, we can summarize the grammatical differences between British and American daily English as follows[19]:

(1) Sometimes, British and American English use different grammatical forms to express the same meaning;

(2) Sometimes, the same grammatical form expresses different meanings in British and American English;

(3) In some structures, either British English or American English will use integrated grammatical form, while the other adopts the omitted form;

(4) Sometimes, American and British English use the same grammatical form to express the same concept and meaning.

However, one of them may have another expression form, while the other does not. We could only avoid misunderstanding by paying attention to those differences in our study.

5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English

The English language changes as the rapid development of politics, economic, culture in Britain and American. After it goes through the three periods (old English, middle English and modern English),it also changes everyday, especially in the related ten years, the changes of English becomes more obvious. Although the English structure is not as obvious as the lexical development, it does not ignore. On the aspect of grammar, English experience the changes from the verb inflections of old English to use word in order to express meaning in the past 1500years, and English also become analytic language from synthetic language. Such experience makes English flexible, meanwhile it also broke the traditional grammar frame, the former disagreed rules transferred into acceptable English even native English. The speed on renewing lexical words is very fast.

On the whole, British English and American English fuse with each other, and they tend to be brief, clear and more flexible for use.

 

6.Conclusion

As the globalization and information world developed, more and more people from different countries use the same language―English to communicate and exchange ideas with each other. The above discussion about grammar difference between British English and American English is what I have found and concluded. Although there are many differences in detailed aspects in the use of daily British and American English, they are similar to each other in most of aspects. Therefore, they shall only be considered as different forms of the same language rather than two different languages. In addition, we cannot say which one is better or advanced. Any judgment or opinion that “British English is better or worse than American English” is biased. The purpose of this paper is to help English learners understand the two varieties better and eliminate some mistakes caused in communication or paper writing.

The differences between the British English and American English are caused by politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. American English developed from British English, but it differs from British English. All in all, sinc e English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Mao Can、Gao YunPing and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

[1] 周樂, 美式英語與英式英語比較與分析[J]. 湖南商學院外語系,2008.

[2] Wikipedia Contributors

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language

[3] blog.languagetranslation.com/public/item/118655

[4] 王振明和公麗艷,英式英語與美式英語的差異[J]. 山東教育學院學報,2002.

[5] esl.about.com/od/toeflieltscambridge/a/dif_ambrit.htm

[6]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences#Use_of_tenses

[7] 孟憲友,英語與美語的差別對比研究[J]. 廣州大學外國語學院英語系,2002.

, Jour.of N.W. SCI-TECH Uni.of Agri.and Fore,2001.

, Journal of Shijiazhuang Teachers College,2001

, Journal of Wuhu Vocational Institute of Technology,2007

[11]Wikipedia Contributors

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences

, Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences), 2007

[13]張振邦,新編語法教程[M].上海,上海教育出版社,1993

, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 

[15] Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change 4 (3): 311-357

[16] Geoff Pullum, "Why Ebonics Is No Joke" Lingua Franca transcript, 17 October 1998, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negation

[18] Green, Lisa J., African American English: A Linguistic Introduction[M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002

篇8

【關鍵詞】過程管理 實施細則 審核 責任預警

【中圖分類號】G647 【文獻標識碼】A 【文章編號】1674-4810(2013)05-0113-01

本科畢業(yè)論文是高等院校教學計劃的重要組成部分之一,是實現(xiàn)高等院校專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標和要求的重要環(huán)節(jié)。2000年頒布并在全國高等院校實施的《高等學校英語專業(yè)教學大綱》(以下簡稱《大綱》)中指出:“畢業(yè)論文是考查學生綜合能力、評估學業(yè)成績的一個重要方式。”對學生而言,畢業(yè)論文是檢驗其運用專業(yè)知識能力、分析問題能力和學術能力的標準之一。而對學校,畢業(yè)論文的質量是衡量高等院校教學質量的重要指標之一,也是檢驗學校行政能力的良好手段。因此,無論是學生、老師還是高等院校的行政管理部門都需對畢業(yè)論文工作給予高度重視。

一 制定適合本專業(yè)特點的畢業(yè)論文實施細則,全局宏觀把控畢業(yè)論文寫作

在《大綱》中,明確了“畢業(yè)論文一般應用英語撰寫,長度為3000~5000個單詞,要求文字通順、思路清晰、內容充實、有一定的獨立見解?!边@一要求僅僅只明確了英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文的字數(shù)、撰寫語言和綱領性要求。而畢業(yè)論文究竟應該怎么寫、寫什么,學生還需要更為具體的細則來作為準繩。對本科畢業(yè)論文寫作而言,每個學校的畢業(yè)論文實施細則就是學生進行畢業(yè)論文寫作時的詳細指南。畢業(yè)論文實施細則一般要求各專業(yè)根據自身實際情況,列明論文進度安排、選題范圍和要求、撰寫語言、最低參考文獻數(shù)量等部分。一旦細則出臺并能嚴格執(zhí)行,學生可從中了解本科畢業(yè)論文撰寫的詳細步驟和要求,學校也能從宏觀上根據細則把控畢業(yè)論文寫作的進度和質量。

以進度安排為例,畢業(yè)論文作為學術論文的一種,是對某個科學領域中的學術問題進行研究后表述科學研究成果的理論文章。由于本科生的研究深度欠缺,因此本科畢業(yè)論文需要學生將自己的研究建立在大量閱讀前人理論、研究和著作之上。英語畢業(yè)論文除中文文獻之外,還需要學生閱覽大量的外文文獻。這一過程是集翻譯、理解、分析、歸納、總結的一個綜合過程。所以在制定英語專業(yè)的畢業(yè)論文的進度安排時如能把整個論文進度提前,將有益于學生的研究。同樣,選題作為論文的重頭戲,一旦選定研究方向,切入點找得好,學生論文自然寫得也順暢,不會出現(xiàn)寫不下去、需要重新選題的情況。所以在制定進度安排時也可以適當延長選題的時間,讓學生能找準切入點,有時間將論文寫作的準備工作做充分,從而從源頭上提高論文質量。

二 制定符合本校實際情況的畢業(yè)論文審核及責任預警機制,實時調控畢業(yè)論文質量

《浙江省教育廳關于加強普通高等學校畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作的通知》(浙教高教〔2004〕137號)中指出:“畢業(yè)設計(論文)的質量也是衡量各校教學水平、進行學生畢業(yè)與學位資格認證的重要依據。各高等學校要充分認識這項工作的必要性和重要性,建立嚴格的管理制度?!碑厴I(yè)論文的質量一方面體現(xiàn)在學生研究問題和解決問題的能力及專業(yè)知識的聯(lián)系和運用上,同時也體現(xiàn)在導師的指導和學校的監(jiān)管上。只有三方共同努力,才能分別從不同的角度協(xié)作,從整體上提高畢業(yè)論文的質量。因此,制定符合本校實際情況的畢業(yè)論文審核及責任預警機制就成為了提高論文質量最好的助推劑。

在選題和結構方面,可以建立從論文指導老師到論文小組再到專業(yè)的三層審核工作,層層匯報、層層負責的預警機制,充分運用專業(yè)老師的學術嚴謹性和權威性,而學校作為管理單位可以起到總體監(jiān)督、避免重復選題的作用。而在語言嚴謹性和格式規(guī)范性方面則可以充分調動學生的自審能力,在專業(yè)和學校給出一定要求和參考模板的前提下,激發(fā)學生自查和互查的能力,互相取長補短有所學習和借鑒,從源頭上做好質量的保證,同時也可以大大提高專業(yè)導師在語言和格式方面的后續(xù)審查效率。學校管理層面以表格工具的形式走程序化管理線路,做到所有重要質量監(jiān)控環(huán)節(jié)執(zhí)行情況都有據可查。

三 充分調動、利用校內外資源,為學生進行畢業(yè)論文寫作提供更好的環(huán)境

篇9

關鍵詞:應用型本科;畢業(yè)設計;管理體系

中圖分類號:G642.477 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1674-9324(2015)19-0014-02

畢業(yè)設計(論文)是本科教育為實現(xiàn)人才培養(yǎng)目標的最后一個綜合性實踐教學環(huán)節(jié),其目的是讓學生對所學知識進行系統(tǒng)訓練和總結,為今后從事研究、開發(fā)和技術應用等方面工作奠定基礎。畢業(yè)設計質量的高低直接影響畢業(yè)生就業(yè)能力,也是高校教育教學質量的直接反映[1]。眾多教師學者對畢業(yè)設計工作的現(xiàn)狀及對于出現(xiàn)的問題的對策做了很多研究。基本共識是認為目前的畢業(yè)設計內容對于學生的訓練不足,原因大致有三類,一是學生方面,因為不夠重視,或者忙于考研就業(yè)的客觀原因,投入到畢業(yè)設計的時間和精力不足。[2]二是指導教師方面,由于承擔著大量的教學和科研任務,用于指導畢業(yè)設計的時間偏少,精力不足。部分教師缺少工程實踐鍛煉,指導實踐性課題的能力不強且質量不高。[3]三是管理方面,畢業(yè)設計教學質量難以量化管理,缺乏全過程的有效監(jiān)控。本文總結近年來建筑工程學院畢業(yè)設計(論文)情況,梳理問題,細化管理規(guī)則,重視過程文件的規(guī)范性和內涵建設,推出標準化的畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作樣表,做到權責分明、全過程監(jiān)控,實現(xiàn)了畢業(yè)設計工作管理體系的制度化。

一、從學院層面推出了“土建類專業(yè)畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作樣表”(以下簡稱樣表)

過程文件規(guī)范性和成果質量顯著提高?!皹颖怼贬槍Ξ厴I(yè)設計(論文)工作的各個時間節(jié)點,規(guī)范了教師和學生應完成的各項任務和在畢業(yè)設計(論文)智能管理系統(tǒng)中應填寫的材料,從各階段教師和學生的任務及填寫材料要求,到以往容易出現(xiàn)疑惑和錯誤的地方均作了詳細注解,其主要特色體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面。

1.規(guī)范性強,填寫有“法”可依?!皹颖怼睂σ酝^程文件中一些容易混淆的名稱進行了進一步的規(guī)范和明確,均做出統(tǒng)一規(guī)定和注釋,如圖1所示。

2.示范性好,大量減少師生反復修改而增加的工作量。工科學院畢業(yè)生文字能力普遍偏弱,Word軟件使用不熟悉,導致過程文件中字體不統(tǒng)一、文字大小各異等,教師要花費大量的時間反復給學生講解修改,很難集中時間和精力對畢業(yè)設計(論文)的內涵進行指導?!皹颖怼睂Ω鱾€部分填寫內容的字體要求、文字大小、行間距、參考文獻格式等做了詳細的標注,一目了然地展示給師生,具有很強的可操作性,節(jié)約了師生大量的時間,實踐證明,今年的畢業(yè)設計(論文)過程文件的規(guī)范性顯著提高。

3.填寫內容更加清晰明確,避免填寫內容過于空洞。以往的工作表格對學生任務有規(guī)定,而對專業(yè)負責人、指導教師的填寫意見往往沒有要求,很多時候都是填“同意”或“審核通過”,甚至有的文不對題?!皹颖怼睂υ摬糠謨热莸奶顚懸笞隽嗣鞔_規(guī)定,引導教師從合理的方面去評價學生的工作。

4.學生成果要求更具體,成果質量有保障。以學校對畢業(yè)設計(論文)相關成果要求為基礎,針對建筑工程學院5個專業(yè)的各自特點,“樣表”又對各個專業(yè)作了更具體的規(guī)定,促使成果質量的提升。如建筑學專業(yè)成果要求:(1)設計圖紙不少于15張,A3版面排版(不包括封面、目錄、設計說明),報優(yōu)的同學必須有4張A1展板。(2)設計說明書字數(shù)不少于4000字,團隊項目設計說明書字數(shù)不少于8000字,要把相應的圖紙成果穿插到說明書中去,要圖文并茂,說明書中要有附圖。(3)遵照學校本科畢業(yè)設計(論文)撰寫規(guī)范相關要求進行撰寫和排版。

二、在畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作啟動階段做好師生動員等準備工作,召開三個會議

1.畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作啟動會議。會議主要是對當年的畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作進行部署,同時檢查準備工作情況、協(xié)調工作困難、明確工作目標和工作計劃等。參會人員包括全體院領導、正高職稱教師、實驗中心主任、系主任、教研室主任和教務工作人員,體現(xiàn)出對畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作的重視度。

2.新進教師畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作培訓會會議主要針對學院新進教師和外聘教師,由教學院長對畢業(yè)設計(論文)各階段工作進行講解和明確要求,教學秘書對畢業(yè)設計(論文)管理系統(tǒng)的操作進行講解培訓,讓該部分教師盡快進入工作角色。

3.畢業(yè)設計(論文)學生動員會。會議目的是使學生了解畢業(yè)設計(論文)的意義、目的、步驟、內容以及各階段的任務和紀律,讓學生足夠重視畢業(yè)設計(論文)。會后指導教師和學生見面,指導工作正式開始。

三、全過程監(jiān)控,各階段措施得力保質量

1.重視選題工作。提倡教師將科研課題給學生真題真做和結合生產實踐完成畢業(yè)設計(論文),選題做到一人一題,團隊項目選題要保證既有合作內容又有獨立完成的任務。重視選題更新率,更新率不能只是個統(tǒng)計數(shù)字,落實更是關鍵。專業(yè)負責人要對教師申報題目的難易程度、廣度、深度、工作量及合理性把好第一關。選題完成后,學院組織教學委員會、二級督導,對選題的科學性、合理性、實用性及可行性進行審核,確保選題質量。

2.重視中期檢查工作。各專業(yè)分別抽取10%的學生進行中期答辯,同時有報優(yōu)意向的同學必須參加中期答辯方能取得評優(yōu)資格。其他沒有參加中期答辯的同學應在場旁聽,并接受指導教師的中期檢查,填寫畢業(yè)設計(論文)中期檢查表,上交中期成果。學院專門設計了中期檢查答辯表,要求學生在答辯過程中陳述前期的工作進展,后續(xù)工作計劃和預期達到的成果,有效保證了后續(xù)工作的進度和質量。

3.重視答辯工作。要求各專業(yè)對畢業(yè)設計(論文)答辯工作做出科學合理的安排。原則上每個答辯小組不少于4位專業(yè)教師,其中至少有1名高級職稱教師擔任答辯組長,每位學生匯報10分鐘,教師提問10分鐘左右,學生答辯10分鐘,答辯秘書要做好詳細記錄。優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)設計(論文)要求二次答辯,先進行小組答辯,再按評優(yōu)比例確定部分學生參加大組答辯,評優(yōu)答辯組全部由高級職稱教師構成,最后成績總評由答辯委員會確定,同時評選出學校及學院的優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)設計(論文)。

四、細化規(guī)章制度,針對新問題及時出臺補充規(guī)定

1.為了更有效的管理,做到權責分明,在學校本科生畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作條例的基礎上又制訂了《建筑工程學院畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作實施細則》。明晰了畢業(yè)設計工作中,系、教研室、專業(yè)負責人和指導教師的工作職責,如對指導教師的要求包括:(1)對學生每周至少進行一次面對面的答疑和指導工作,跟蹤畢業(yè)設計(論文)進程與質量,做好指導記錄工作,應避免記錄過于簡單,以備學院檢查。(2)指導學生按照學校統(tǒng)一格式正確撰寫畢業(yè)設計說明書(論文)或計算書,同時各階段材料從系統(tǒng)導出并認真核對,格式按照學院畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作樣表填寫。(3)如果學生有弄虛作假、抄襲別人成果或由其他人代替完成畢業(yè)設計(論文)的情況,指導教師未發(fā)現(xiàn)且同意提交答辯,一經查出,學院將扣除該指導教師本環(huán)節(jié)一半工作量,等等。

2.針對新問題特別是畢業(yè)實習結束后,學生在各自實習單位繼續(xù)實習或者準備研究生復試等方面原因而未能及時返校,為了保障畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作質量,結合中后期工作的實際情況,學院又出臺了《建筑工程學院畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作補充規(guī)定》,有效保證后續(xù)工作的順利進行。補充規(guī)定如:各指導教師在中期檢查后,要繼續(xù)加強指導和監(jiān)督工作,指導教師每周應對學生進行兩次不同形式的指導和畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作質量檢查,其中至少進行一次現(xiàn)場指導,同時做好指導記錄。為了保證畢業(yè)設計(論文)的質量,經學院研究決定,畢業(yè)班學生在答辯前兩周全體返校繼續(xù)深化畢業(yè)設計工作,各專業(yè)要做好返校統(tǒng)計工作,無故不返校者,取消答辯資格,等等。

通過探索構建出符合應用型本科院校的畢業(yè)設計管理體系,形成畢業(yè)設計(論文)工作從規(guī)范性到內涵性逐層提高的管理方法,使得畢業(yè)設計能夠使學生達到很好地總結專業(yè)知識,融會貫通,全面性地受到鍛煉,與市場接軌的目的。

參考文獻:

[1]羅臻,鄧敏,葉雁冰.提高地方院校土木工程專業(yè)畢業(yè)設計質量的措施與實踐[J].高等建筑教育,2010,19(3):123-126.

篇10

關鍵詞:本科;畢業(yè)論文(設計);團隊

中圖分類號:G642 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1674-9324(2014)32-0202-03

一、指導教師存在的問題

1.精力投入不足。近年來,隨著高校本科招生規(guī)模的擴大,師資力量明顯不足,一般教師指導的畢業(yè)生數(shù)量均在6~10個左右。由于目前教師既要從事繁重的教學工作又要緊跟科研領域的迅猛進展,因此,在學生對畢業(yè)設計重視度嚴重缺乏的現(xiàn)狀下,教師也很難以積極的態(tài)度完成對本科生的完善指導。

2.時間安排集中。各高校對本科畢業(yè)設計的時間安排一般均設定在本科第8學期,即學生真正參與畢業(yè)設計的時間都是在每年的3月至5月底,要求學生在兩個月內完成對四年專業(yè)學習的總結并應用于實踐,且在對科技論文的寫作基本一無所知的情況下完成該類型論文的撰寫及答辯,無論對教師或學生確實存在較高的難度。另外,對于省屬地方高校的一般本科生,其著手工作的應聘或實習均安排在每年年初,即在完成本科畢業(yè)設計的同時還要解決就業(yè)問題。因此,即便教師能夠集中精力籌備指導學生的畢業(yè)設計,但學生根據個人的實際情況,也很難在有限的時間內以充沛的精力完成教師的合理安排。

3.科研方向有限。根據教師科研方向的不同,可以將教師分為理論研究型和生產實際型。從事理論研究的老師多以青年、擁有博士學位的教師為主,這部分教師絕大部分從高校畢業(yè)后直接走上工作崗位,缺乏生產實踐的工程工作和指導學生的經驗,難以短期內成熟有效地完成本科畢業(yè)設計的指導;而從事生產實際型的教師,盡管具備一定的工程實踐背景,但是正規(guī)系統(tǒng)地指導學生將畢業(yè)設計內容以科技論文形式完成也是一大難題。

4.指導模式單一。目前,各高校指導本科畢業(yè)設計的模式實行的是每個學生的畢業(yè)題目各異,因此在學生完成畢業(yè)設計的過程中,獲得引導的途徑只能來源于教師,而與其他同學咨詢、合作的條件有限,無法獲得更多關于設計的啟發(fā)和思維的碰撞。另外,一個教師指導多名學生,也令教師沒有足夠的精力為多人設計適合其的更系統(tǒng)、更條理的指導規(guī)劃。

二、團隊指導模式的探索

1.科研團隊指導模式的設計。培養(yǎng)學生的科研創(chuàng)新能力是美國研究型大學本科教育的一個重要方面,國內外許多院校紛紛開展結合科研項目提高本科生科研創(chuàng)新能力的研究與實踐。結合地方院校的實際情況,以我校工科專業(yè)的班級為例,每班大約有50~60個學生,考慮目前就業(yè)形勢的嚴峻,其中有大概過半的學生選擇考研。為了提高成功考研的可能性,這些學生更愿意選擇理論研究型老師作為本科畢業(yè)設計導師。同樣,本科生科研作為一種新型的培養(yǎng)方式,對本科教育的發(fā)展產生了積極的影響。針對此類學生的需求以及指導教師存在的上述問題,以教師科研團隊的形式指導學生完成研究型論文的模式勢在必行。那么,科研團隊的指導模式初步分為兩大類:第一類指導模式稱其為“大課題”模式(見圖1)。所謂的“大課題”模式,即以縱向課題(比如國家自然科學基金、省自然科學基金等)為牽引,將該課題分為若干小課題。此科研團隊既包括教師也包括學生。教師團隊應由課題主持人統(tǒng)領,成員應為課題的參與者,這些參與成員可指導的學生在1~3名為宜。該指導模式最明顯的優(yōu)勢在于本科學生可以參與到完整的課題或基金的完成,對于培養(yǎng)其獨立、創(chuàng)新的科研能力有著積極的作用。第二類指導模式稱其為“似課題”模式(見圖2),即以某一個研究理論(一個研究方向)為牽引,將此理論的不同知識點作為若干小課題。此科研團隊應保證指導教師均從事同一科研方向的研究,而每位老師指導的學生建議為1~2名。該指導模式最明顯的優(yōu)勢在于能夠拓展本科生理論知識的廣度和深度。

不論以上哪一類的科研團隊的指導模式,其最大的優(yōu)點是便于學生的互動交流,而這類模式的具體實現(xiàn)均可分為三步驟完成,以“似課題”模式為例,具體的指導過程如下:第一步,科研團隊由研究方向一致或近似的教師構成,建議由一位教師組織該團隊內所有教師指導下的全部學生統(tǒng)一進行前期基礎培養(yǎng),包括介紹學校和學院對本科畢業(yè)設計的要求、畢業(yè)設計的流程和思路、相關注意事項以及有關研究方向的基礎知識的講解(也可借助研究生課程的旁聽),進而為學生迅速進入課題贏得寶貴時間,且能夠避免教師為重復工作浪費更多的精力。第二步,在學生掌握了個人研究方向的基礎理論后,由其本人的指導教師開始有針對性地引導學生開展具體的課題研究。以我校信息類專業(yè)從事盲信號理論和應用研究的教師為例,首先由一位教師(此教師可以是研究生“盲信號處理”課程的授課教師,或者是授課壓力較小、對該研究方向基礎較為熟悉的教師,或者團隊內的教師輪流擔任此部分工作)引導學生明確關于畢業(yè)設計的多方面要求,而后即可講解盲信號處理理論的基礎知識:包括盲信號處理的定義、研究該理論所需的數(shù)學基本知識等,這個階段教師的講解估計最低使用6個學時左右,而學生完成此階段相關內容的學約需要兩周的時間;然后由學生各自的指導教師一對一介紹學生本人的課題的具體內容,此階段教師的一對一講解大概每個學生僅需要2~4個學時,而學生完成此階段相關內容的學習需要四周左右的時間,此后學生可在兩周的時間內完成論文的寫作和修改。

另外,以科研團隊形式指導的學生畢業(yè)設計的答辯,也可首先在教師團隊內進行。這樣不但便于學生之間的交流,而且從事同一研究方向的導師更能準確判定學生畢業(yè)設計的質量高低,進而給予學生更為合理的畢業(yè)答辯成績。

2.應用團隊指導模式的設計。應用團隊指導模式的設計構想源于要達到一個合格電子信息類工程師所具備的能力,僅依靠在高等院校的常規(guī)學習是不可能的,只有學生在企業(yè)或基本滿足生產需求的電子信息類實習實訓基地經過有在企業(yè)實際工程項目設計與管理經驗的工程師的指導下方可實現(xiàn)。因此,對于該指導模式提出以下兩個建設思路:第一類指導模式稱其為“學研”模式,團隊由教師和學生構成,即以橫向課題為牽引,課題主持人(或參與人)作為指導教師,而課題的參與者和完成者以學生為主,這些學生建議以參加過學科競賽或以前就跟隨該教師從事過相關工作的人優(yōu)先。該指導模式最明顯的優(yōu)勢在于畢業(yè)設計與橫向科研項目結合是解決目前學校經費不足、儀器設備緊張、提高學生工程實踐能力的有效途徑。第二類指導模式稱其為“產學”模式,團隊由企業(yè)的工程師和學生構成,即以校企合作為平臺,將學生的畢業(yè)設計和實習相結合。該指導模式最明顯的優(yōu)勢在于與企業(yè)零距離對接,不但遵循了學生學以致用的工科教學理念,而且為方便學生就業(yè)提供了便利條件。

三、結論

21世紀的高等教育是以培養(yǎng)學生的創(chuàng)新能力和實踐能力為主導的教育,考慮目前學生考研和就業(yè)的不同需求,文中提出了關于本科生畢業(yè)設計的科研團隊指導模式以及應用團隊指導模式。這些模式的采用,定會給學生帶來巨大的好奇心和挑戰(zhàn)的勇氣,激發(fā)學生去關注和研究科研與開發(fā)上的困難,使學生所學的知識融會貫通,更好地鍛煉學生的獨立進行科研或實踐的能力。

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